Importance of Being Earnest : Thinking Activity

Importance of Being Earnest

Thinking Activity

This blog is a task given by Dr. Barad sir H.O.D. of English Department M.K.B.U. In this blog I am going to write about the play 'Importance of Being Earnest' as a social critique. 

About this play-

The importance of being Earnest, A trivial comedy for serious people is a play written by Oscar wilde, divided into three parts. This play was first performed on 14 February 1895, at the St James Theatre in London. This plays major themes are the  with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage, and the resulting satire of Vuctorian ways.

In this play Jack Worthing is a fashionable young man who lives in the country with his ward, Cecily Cardew. Jack has created a racist brother who is Earnest, who's supposed to exploit and give Jack an excuse to travel to London periodically to rescue him. Jack is in love with Gwendolen Fairfax, the cousin of his friend Algernon Mocrieff.

About the Author

Oscar Wilde whose full name is Oscar Fingal O'flahertie Wills Wilde. He was born on 16 October 1854,Dublin, Ireland, and died on 30 November 1900, Paris, France. 

Oscar Wilde was Irish Wit, poet and dramatist whose reputation rests on his novel, like

• The picture of Dorian Gray (1891)

• Lady Windermere's Fan (1892)

• The importance of Being Earnest(1895)

He was also spokesman for the late 19th century Aesthetic movement in England. This was advocated the famous line-

"Art for arts sake" 

He was born of professional literary parents. His father Sir William Wilde was Ireland's leading ear and eye surgeon, he also published books on archaeology, folklore, and satirist Jonathan Swift. His mother who wrote his writing as Speranza, she was a revolutionary poet and an authority on celtic Myth and Folklore.

' Importance of Being Earnest ' as a social critique-

Here is definition of criticism and criticism may include some of the following elements in order to support an idea that -

Definition of criticism 

Criticism is not a plot summary, an author's biography, simply finding fault with the work.

 

The Aristocratic victorians mostly valued duty, and respectability, those two things are most important for them, they took these two things above all. That was the time when appearance is everything for humans, and also style was much more important than substance. So a person has a secret life, and carries on affairs without marriage. Then society looks at them in other ways. For this thing Wilde questions what is more important, to avoid such a serious question behind appearance, which is not a permanent thing in human life. In this play Gwendolen is the paragon of this value. Her marriage proposal must be performed correctly, and her brother even practices correct proposals. Gwendolen's aristocratic attitude is

 "In matters of grave importance, style, not sincerity is the vital thing." 

Here the trivial is important; the serious is avoided.

Title of the play

In this play, satire starts with the title of the drama. Oscar Wilde's most famous and successful work 'The importance of Being Earnest ' title indicate the word  "Earnest'' which actually means "honest" and "truthful", this is the name of main character of the play Jack Worthing, he uses this name to slight away from his all responsibilities. In this play there was nobody who was Earnest in real sense. 

Dualism in the play

In this play there were two main characters Jack and Algernon, who created double life characters, they live double life, this theme of dualism not only points out their double identities but also their languages.

John Worthing, who is called Jack, is the protagonist of the play. Jack has a country estate in Hertfordshire where he is the Justice of Peace. He is a serious, responsible guardian to his adoptive father’s granddaughter Cecily and he stands for all the Victorian values morality: duty, honor and respectability, here is a quote indicate this this -

“When one is placed in the position of guardian, one has to adopt a very high moral tone on all subjects. It’s one’s duty to do so”

Here Wilde uses double identity as well as he uses the theme of Dualism to show the hypocrisy of the society of that time. In this play there were deconstruction of several things like gender roles , the class, the church, the family , the education system and also the legal system. These all things are exposed by characters and their lies. In this play most of the characters are lying to each other and hiding their real identity.

Institution of marriage

In this play Wilde's main creationism is with the institution of marriage. In this play wilde criticize and satire ridicule the institution of marriage and their minds are very rigid during Victorian society. They make these serious morals and manners ideas like the idea of marriage as ridiculous ideas, and also represent it in a ridiculous way. In this play there is line which serve a great form of criticism-

"The play really owes something to the restoration of comic tradition."

Wilde points out that in this marriage is not all about love but more vain supernatural criteria. Cecily and Gwendolen refused to marry a man of their dreams if his name is not Earnest. in the beginning of the play the character of Algernon had negative thoughts about marriage but when he saw Cecely he changed his mind. When  Cecely and Gwendolen first meet, they call each other sister, but when they come to know that they are going to engage with the same person named  "Earnest '' they fight each other. Gwendolen satirically says to Cecily that -

"I am glad to say that I have never seen a spade. It is obvious that our social spheres have been widely different." 

This thing is called " Disassembling" when the character doesn't actually wear any mast but they are pretending that they are someone else but they are not. They are pretending their double life is a double identity, maybe it is forced by society.

Conclusion-

 To conclude we could say that this play reveals the reality of aristocratic Victorian society, how they pretend to have a double life to escape their responsibility, and they pretend that they are someone else. In this play  both Algernon and Jack assume the identity of "Ernest" Yet ironically, they both are beginning their marital lives based on deception and lies. 

Here i embeded youtube video about ' Importance of Being Earnest' as social satire.

Thank you.🦋✨

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paper -105 Assignment : Drama in Elizabetha Age

 Paper : 105 Assignment :

Drama in Elizabethan age

Name - Hina Parmar

Batch - M.A. Sem 1 (2022-2024)

Enrollment no - 40692064202221

Roll no - 11

Subject code - 22396

Paper no - 104

Paper - History of English Literature from 1350 to 1900

Email address - hinaparmar612@gmail.com

Submitted to - Smt.S.B. Gardi Department of English M.K.B.U.

Date of submission - 7 th November, 2022

This blog is an assignment given by Dr.Barad sir H.O.D of English Department M.K.B.U. In this blog I write about  The Development of drama in the Elizabethan age.

Introductio-

In Elizabethan age there were many plays written. This period begins with rain of Elizabeth 1 in 1558. Nobody knows the date when this age was ended, some considered that this age was ended with Elizabethan death in 1603. Elizabeth was considered the most powerful monarch in English history. She was also an avid supporter of the arts which sparked a surge of activity in the theater. She supported all types of art, and  artists. She was deeply connected with art. During her reign, some playwrights were able to make a comfortable living by receiving royal patronage. She made a great deal of theatrical activity at Court, and many public theaters were also built on the outskirts of London.

In that time women were not allowed to act in drama, they were only a part of the audience. In drama they creat such characters like pickpockets, cutpurses, and prostitutes. The puritans didn't like this thing and they succeeded in shutting down all theaters in 1642. Some most important writers of this area were William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Christopher Marlow. They were written Greek tragedy, Seneca's plays, Attic drama, English miracle plays, morality plays, and interludes and many.more. Tragedy which was written in Elizabethan  dealt with heroic themes and on other hand comedy satires on tragedy in its way.

pre- Shakesprean Drama

In English language English tragedy was not developed from the miracle play, but from the classical models of seneca. Seneca was a Latin dramatist of the first century. His writing style was sophisticated, aristocratic. His influence was first felt in the Latin plays of the universities, especially Cambridge between 1550 and 1560. He also became the first classical dramatist to have all his works translated into English language. He wrote many plays and some of his important plays were Kyd's The Spanish Tragedies -1889, which was followed by Daniel's Cleopatra - 1593 and Philotsa -1604. Shakespeare's plays which show the influence of Senecan influence are Richard 3 and Macbeth.

Drama was considered the most powerful and popular form of English literature. Its chief glory is Shakespeare but the school of dramatists from which Shakespeare proceeds was the result of a steady growth.

University Wits

University wits are young men who were associated with Oxford and Cambridge, who  founded the Elizabeth school of drama. They have same feature to each other's works like

• They use heroic themes such as the lives of great figures like Mohammef and Tamburlaine.

• They use heroic themes which need heroic treatment, with great fullness and variety. Varieties like splendid description, long swelling speeches, the handling of violent incidents, emotions etc.

• They use heroic style. The main aim of that is to achieve string and sounding lines. 

• They use themes which are usually tragic in nature. 

George Peel (1558-98)

He was born in London, educated at Christ's Hospital and at Oxford. He became literary and free lance in london. His plays include 'The Arraignment of Paris', a kind of romantic poetry. The old wives tale, which is a clever satire on drama.

Robert Green

His plays are sufficient to find a place in the development of the drama. He was born at Norwich, educated at Cambridge london. Hismost famous plays were Alphonsus, King of Aragon, an imitation of  s Tamburlaine and Frier of Aragon .

Thomas Nash

He was born at Lowestoft, he was educated at Cambridge. Then he went to London  to make his living by literature. He also took part in politics. His novel The Unfortunate Traveler, or the Life of Jack Wilton are important works in the development of the novel.

Thomas Lodge

He was the son of Lord Mayo of London. He was educated in law at  London and Oxford university. His dramatic work is small in quality. The most famous of his romances is Rosalynde Euphues Golden Legacie which was published in 1590. 

Thomas 

Thomas Kyd is one of the most important university wits. He was very little known for his life. He was born in london. Educated in Merchant Taylor school. His most important play is The Spanish Tragedy. Most of his plays were lost. 

Christopher 

Christopher Marlowe was an important figure in his time.he was  born in Canterbury on February 26, 1564. He was the eldest son of master shoemaker John Marlowe and Katherine Arthur. He was a brilliant student. During his time at Cambridge, Marlowe became part of Queen Elizabeth's secret service and carried out several secret missions for the Crown. After receiving his degree in July 1587. 

The Decline of Roman Drama

Highly developed forms of tragedy and comedy only exist in ancient Greece and Rome. Tragedy and comedy both native to Greece and it flourished  vigor. When the cristian church grew in power, opposition to the stage became a more effective thing. 

Cycles of plays

Little plays which were written earlier were composed on the continent about the year 900. Plays or serious plays which were performed only one in a year. Three Of these sets of play cycles they are commonly called belonged to the cities of york wakefield and chester.

Mysterious plays

Mystery Plays apperted  in the Middle Ages. During the twelfth century, it appeared because people didn't give  interest to churchgoers in the typical church services and also their ignorance of the Latin language. This was a problematic thing. This problem prompted the elaboration of certain services. In the thirteenth century Mystery plays gained less support from religious figures because of their questionable religious values, they started to be performed in the vernacular and were starting to drift away from being performed in the church.

These are mysteries plays

• Birth of Jesus

•  The Wise Men

• Flight into Egypt

• The Second Shepherd’s Play

There were many mystery plays written but one of the most widely known Mystery plays is 'The Second Shepherd’s Play', which puts three shepherds at the birth of Christ in Bethlehem. 

 Miracle plays

Miracle Plays are  called Saint’s Plays, because they were plays dedicated to the lives of various saints. It was not written about Biblical events. They switched to the English language, became less and less religious, and performed in town festivals in the thirteenth century. 

Most Miracle plays are performed about either St. Nicholas or the Virgin Mary. The plays about St. Mary regularly involves her in the role of “deus ex machina”.

Morality plays 

Miracle Plays, also called Saint’s Plays, were plays dedicated to the lives of various saints, rather than Biblical events. Just like Mystery Plays the Miracle play originated to enhance the liturgical services, and were later separated from the church. They switched to the English language, became less and less religious, and performed in town festivals in the thirteenth century. Most Miracle plays are performed about either St. Nicholas or the Virgin Mary. The plays about St. Mary regularly involve her in the role of “deus ex machina”

Post Shakespearean Drama

Post shakespearean drama also considered as jacobean drama. It was decadent from the drama of Shakespeare and about his contemporaries. His age is considered a golden age because of some great writers. After shakespeare there were none of writer who can reach at writing style of shakespeare

Much of the work was composed during Shakespeare's lifetime. Drama works which were declined from the Shakespearean Standard we justify that kind of drama as post shakespearean drama.

There were many famous writers after Shakespeare who gave excellent works throughout their lifetime.

Ben jonson

He was born at westminster. He was educated at Westminster School. When Johnson was born his father died. He adopted the trade of his stepfather who was a master bricklayer.  Johnson's numerous works, tragedies, , masques and lyrics are widely commented on literature and it shows the unity of aim in understanding his writing.

John sin was the first great English neoclassical. He was considered a conscious artist and reformer. According to him the chief function of literature was to instruct. His plays mostly divide into comedies and tragedies. His early comedies are  

• Every man in his Humor 1598

• Every man out of his humor1599

• Cynthia's revels 1600

• The poetaster 1601

Francis Beaumont

He was born at Rye sussex. He may have been educated at Cambridge. He lives in London as a literary man. He died because of a plug in 1625. 

Beaumont and Fletcher are excellent in their comedies, especially in the comedy of London life. They have the influence of great writers Shakespeare and Johnson. His typical comedies are  A king and no king, The knight of the Burning pestle.  

Francis Beaumont's first play was The blind beggar of alexandria was followed by many more, both comic and tragic. 

John marston

He was born at coventry. He was educated there and oxford. He wants to become a literary figure in london. He was a member of the senecan school. He specialized in violent and melodramatic tragedies.

Thomas Dekker

Thomas Dekker was born in . In London his life was spent as a literary hack and playwright. His comedies get attention for his time. In his comedies it had sweetness, and also had an intimate knowledge of the common man. His plots are chaotic and his blank verse gives place to prose. He collaborates with many other writers.

Thomas middleton

He was born in London, he wrote much for his stage. In 1620 he was made city chronologist. He was considered the most literary of the dramatists of the age. His most powerful play which was much praised by people is `` The Changeling and  others are WomeN beware Women, The witch.

Thomas Heywood 

He was born in 1575 and graduated at cambridge. His best plays are  A Woman killed with kindness, which contain some strong authentic scenes. His best plays are Royal.king and The Loyal Subject, The Captives.

John Webster 

He was regarded as the best Shakespearean dramatist. His career falls into three parts. He produced two tragedies with Dekker, the first one is The white Devil and another one is The Duchess of Malfi.

Cyril Tourneur

His two plays The Revenger's Tragedy and The Atheist's Tragedy are melodramatic to the highest degree. 

Prose and Verse 

Prose and verse works mostly developed in Shakespearean time. He uses this to represent fashion physiological characters , chart relationships, and most important support plot developments, and even explore attitudes and ideas etc. 

Shakespeare's  mix prose and verse

 In literature to mix prose and verse is an unusual thing. But this was common in Shakespeare and works of other dramatists of his age. Although we would probably expect a modern play to be written in prose, most English dramatists before Shakespeare were to write in rhyming verse. 

Poetry was regarded as the most important literary form in that time, and  prose was used for  storytelling, such as chivalric romances and travelers’ tales. (The novel as we know it didn’t emerge until the 18th century). In English literature the use of prose alongside verse was something that happened at the end of the 16th century. Shakespeare's most of comedy is written in both forms like in verse and in prose, but his tragedy mostly written in verse form. the time when  he wrote his later tragedies, he was using a lot of prose,  'Hamlet' was the best example of this thing.

Citation

Albert, Edward. History of English Literature. 5th ed., vol. 5 5, George G. Harrap & Co.Ltd., 1923.

Ballard, Kim. “Prose and Verse in Shakespeare's Plays.” British Library, 15 Mar. 2016, https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/prose-and-verse-in-shakespeares-plays.

"Elizabethan Drama ." Literary Movements for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Literary Movements. . Encyclopedia.com. 27 Oct. 2022 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Moody, William Vaughn, and Lovett, Robert Morss. A History of English Literature. United States, C. Scribner's sons, 1902.

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Paper - 4 Assignment : Charles Dickens and Male Characters in the novel 'Hard Times'

 Paper : 104 Assignment :

Male Characters in the Novel 'Hard Times' by Charles Dickens

Name - Hina Parmar

Batch - M.A. Sem 1 (2022-2024)

Enrollment no - 40692064202221

Roll no - 11

Subject code - 22395

Paper no - 104

Paper - Literature of the Victorians

Email address - hinaparmar612@gmail.com

Submitted to - Smt.S.B. Gardi Department of English M.K.B.U.

Date of submission - 7 th November, 2022

I am going to write this blog as an assignment given by Dr.Dilip Barad sir H.O.D of English Department M.K.B.U. In this blog I write about  Charles Dickens and  evaluate male characters in his novel "Hard Times".

Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens was one of the most important novelists of the Victorian age. He was also a significant author of the nineteenth century, which was considered the Victorian age. He wrote literary works in all genres in his  time. He was born near portsea in 1812, where his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. He was the second child of eight, he was a delicate child. Much of childhood was spent at home., where he read the novels of Smollett, Fielding, and Le saga. These writers influence him most to write novels. At a very early age he spent his attention in theater which affected his novel deeply. He  was  also  the  

“most  beloved  and  distinctive novelist” 

In many of his works he considered as-

“His genius style in creating stories makes his novels among the most known writings in England”

In 1823 his family removed to London and soon they faced many difficulties because they didn't have enough money. After some time when his financial status improved, he started his education and in 1827  he entered the office of an attorney. That time he became an expert shorthanded writer. In  1833, some articles appeared in 'The Monthly Magazine' which he called  'Sketches by Boz '. They were collected in 1836 and published in two volumes.

 

One of his great successes was 'Pickwick Papers' because of this his fame was secured and the rest of his life was successful as a novelist. Wordsworth applied his hand  in journalism, for he edited The Daily News in 1846 , and founded 'Household Works' in 1849 and another one was 'All the year Round' in 1859. 

Dickens was  one of the novelists who knows the hearts of most people of his age.   He was a writer who can find a capable place  in  the hearts of people, because he raised important issues of that time. He was considered a reformer  who  is  familiar  with  the  demanding  issues  of  his  age. and  the  ways  of  tackling  those issues.  He respects every character which he creates,  as  well  as  his  letters seem necessary. Dickens was aware about all important issues of his time because he participated in every social activity and he noticed everything that was happening around him. He raises his voice for many social things like education, public health, and aso for crime. He wanted to reform society, that's why he was called a Reformer.

Cunningham's thoughts about him were , "both in his lifetime and afterwards, Dickens had a reputation as a reformer. Many have  credited  him with creating the climate of opinion that facilitated the reforms in education,  public  health,  and criminal law that helped to make  Britain  a  safer  and  less  strife-ridden  society" 

His Novels 

He wrote many novels, in his novels he usually represents the society of that time, like religion, the education system of society, and their beliefs on several things.

His novels include are below in table

The  Pickwick  Papers	(1836)
Oliver Twist	(1837)
Nicholas Nickleby	(1838)
The  Old Curiosity Shop	(1840)
Barnaby Rudge	(1841)
Martin  Chuzzlewit	(1843)
Dombey and  Son	(1846)
David Copperfield	(1849)
Bleak House	(1852)
Hard Times	(1854)
Hard Times	(1855)
A Tale of Two Cities	(1859)
Great Expectations	(1860)
Our Mutual Friend	(1864)
The Mystery of Edwin Drood	(1870)

 In these novels the readers may see 

“the social history of nineteenth century England”

Male Characters in the novel 'Hard Times'

'Hard Times' novel was written by Charls Dickens. This novel was published in 1854. This was  Charles Dickens' shortest novel. In this novel Dickens describes hardship and struggle of common people of that time. He shows their social and ecological condition that man and woman individuals face many struggles, they have to work hard for minimum wages. That was the time of industrialism, the industrial revolution happened in that time, and in this time workers worked in factories like their hands. In this novel mr. Bounderby called his workers "hand". Charles Dickens recalled the story of mr. Gradgrind, mr. Bounderby and other characters in this novel.

In this novel there were many male characters who usually thought everything in a practical way, they didn't think about their emotions. They mostly believe that money and power can bring happiness. In this novel most of womens are controlled by men except the character Cecelia Jupe. In this novel mr. Thomas Gradgrind strongly believes in facts, he believes that fact is more important than emotions and imagination, and he applies this in the marriage of his daughter Louisa, his daughter never thinks for herself because his father never allows her. He made every decision of her life according to her father.  

In this novel male characters mostly believe in realistic words, they never think about others emotions.

Male characters of this Novel-

Mr. Thomas Gradgrind

Mr. Gradgrind is an intellectual person . He was a person who strongly believed in facts, all the time he put lessons of facts in his students' respective minds. He was the founder of the Gradgrind educational system, and he is also a member of Parliament. He represents the rigor of "hard facts" and statistics. He also applied this thought in his daughter's marriage. But she breaks down because of her marriage and cried in his lap,because of this he has a change of heart and becomes more intellectually accepting of enterprises that are not exclusively dedicated to profit and fact.

His character was characterized as a very realistic oriented man who greatly discourages the use of imagination and dreams for living human life. He thought that   reality was a thing that doesn’t need imagination as it only makes it hard and results in failure. His interests are mainly to receive money and power which he thinks will bring him success and comfort more than anything. “Mr. Gradgrind keeps telling Louisa to“never wonder”. He taught his children they are machines that have to  learn all things everytime, memorize everything, and analyze figures, numbers and facts. 

He never taught his children about morality, he did his daughter's marriage with a rich man. Who is older than his daughter but he had bank balance and wealth. He also thought about his son's guarantee that mr. Bounderby gave him a job in his bank. In all this, Louisa, who is his daughter, suffers a lot, because she doesn't love mr.Bounderby, she marries him because of her father.

Mr. Bounderby

He was an important character in this novel. In this novel he was a notable character and he was a ruthless person towards his employees. He did many things with his money, he employs  people, destroys people's families and marries a girl who is much younger than him. He exploits other people to gain his personal needs like he knows that  father wants to be a member of parliament that's why he is trying to be a companion to fulfill.his desire to marry his daughter louisa. He marries her but he fails to give her love and he can't be a suitable husband.  He thinks that he bought her with his financial power, not because of her charm.

Bitzer

Another male character of this novel is Bitzer. He is a classmate of Tom, Louisa and Sissy. He was a very clever student and he memorized all the facts which were taught by mr. Gradgrind. He was a clever student in his school life but as a young adult he worked as a clerk in Bounderby's bank, and he unsuccessfully apprehends Tom as the thief.

Stephen Blackpool

Stephen Blackpool is poor labor. He work in Josiah Bounderby's factories. He was unhappy with his marriage because he married a woman who was always drunken and wandered in and out of his life. He always have to handle her by himself. Nobody there for support him. In this novel he ask for help to mr.Bounderby, but he refused him and he says that dont ask me for any help. That was the time if person was rich he can devorce his wife, but poor man could not afford that amount. He losing his job at the factory, Stephen is forced to leave Coketown and find work elsewhere. In his absence, Stephen is accused of committing a crime that he did not actually commit. 

When he returns to Coketown he has to  defend for his honor, Stephen falls into a pit and injures himself. He is rescued but he dies.

Tom Gradgrind

In this novel Tom is a referred to as "the whelp." He is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Gradgrind. He got a job at mr. Bounderby's factory because of his sister Louisa. He was worked as employee of Mr. Bounderby. He is resentful towards his sister, Louisa, his sister married to mr. Bounderby because his brother could be financially independent. She was kinds toward him. He steals money from his safe in the bank and then announces the loss as a true theft. He wanted to run aways with all the money but in the end, he was caught by police, they came to know that he was the real thief. He is forced to hide somewhere, and Mr.sleary helps him to run away. At the end of this novel he dies overseas and full of regrets. He has many regrets in his entire life.

James "Jem" Harthouse

James Harthous was the younger brother of a member of Parliament, He has agreed to spend some time teaching in the Gradgrind's school. He is a lazy and immodest person and he fell in love with Louisa. She also has feelings towards him, but she didn't marry him.

Signor Jupe

Signor Jupe was the trainer of horse. He gave performance in circus. He is the father of Cecilia. He sends her daughter on an errand to "fetch the nine oils" as an ointment for his aching muscles. When she returns to their lodging, he is gone, he left his daughter. He had one dream that his daughter went to school, and she studied there, but he left his daughter. When mr. Gradgrind visited the circus; he brought cecelia jupe with him, and took all responsibility on himself. 

Mr. Sleary

He was one of the life living character in this novel. He was the manager of a traveling circus. When mr. Gradgrind visited the circus and he came to know that Cecilia's father left her, he took all responsibility. Mr. Sleary provides Sissy to mr. Gradgrind. he also assists Tom's escape at the novel's end. He helped Tom to escape the country. 

Conclusion

We can say that this novel by Charles Dickens  represents the society of his time, and describes how people follow ruthless things that are not as important as the emotions of humans. In this novel mr. Gradgrind was a very strict person on facts but when he saw the sadness of his daughter he realized everything. He realized that emotions matter. In this novel male characters represent materialistic words, where only money and wealth is important.

Citation-

Albert, Edward. History of English Literature. 5th ed., vol. 5 5, George G. Harrap &amp; Co.Ltd., 1923.

AŞCI, Yasemin. “Marxist Elements in Charles Dickens's Novel Hard Times.” Journal of International Social Research, vol. 12, no. 65, 2019, pp. 31–36., https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3421.

Burton, John. "Hard Times Characters". GradeSaver, 9 September 2001 Web. 6 November 2022,

https://www.gradesaver.com/hard-times/study-guide/character-list

Keshavarzi, Addollah. “Charles Dickens: A Reformist or a Compromiser - Researchgate.nett.” Charles Dickens : A Reformisy or a Compromiser, Jan. 2012, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdollah-Keshavarzi/publication/283562134_Charles_dickens_A_reformist_or_a_compromiser/links/564f4b4808aeafc2aab3c2fd/Charles-dickens-A-reformist-or-a-compromiser.pdf.

Yasin, Mohammed. “Family Struggles in Hard Times by Charles Dickens - Researchgate.” Family Struggles in Hard Times by Charles Dickens, Apr. 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360156342_Family_Struggles_in_Hard_Times_by_Charles_Dickens.

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